Life course and epigenetics: how the environment shapes metabolic risk. Epigenetic impact

Abstract

A growing body of evidence demonstrates that environmental exposures can leave epigenetic traces and trigger both global and specific alterations. Epigenetics is the branch of genetics that studies the regulatory mechanisms capable of modifying gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Its main processes are DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications, and the action of non-coding RNA.

It is increasingly recognized that these processes constitute a critical window for future health, encompassing the beginning of gestation and all embryonic and fetal development, with decisive repercussions that can extend into adulthood. This genetic regulation involves both external factors (such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, air pollutants, and pesticides) and internal factors, such as diet, parental obesity, and pregnancy complications, among others.

Beyond adverse maternal effects, epigenetic marks can directly impact the health of offspring, affecting up to three generations. Understanding how environmental factors and nutritional status alter the epigenetic profile during pregnancy and embryonic development is key to predicting long-term consequences, such as metabolic disorders and increased susceptibility to chronic non-communicable diseases. Further investigation of these mechanisms is essential for prevention and clinical management in reproductive medicine.