Differences in stress perception among individuals with diabetes mellitus of different genders during COVID-19 lockdown
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47196/diab.v57i3.722Keywords:
perceived stress, gender, diabetes mellitus, lockdown, COVID-19Abstract
Introduction: many studies suggest that there is a difference among genders in perceived stress (PS) in the general population. Descriptions of gender differences in PS during COVID- 19 lockdown in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) are lacking.
Objectives: assess the differences regarding PS and anxiety between genders among people with DM during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown.
Materials and methods: multi-center, cross-sectional observational study. Adults with type 1 DM (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were included. Degree of stress was evaluated by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and anxiety by the Beck anxiety inventory (BAI).
Results: n 2,273 patients (52.5% female). Univariate analysis: BAI and PSS scores were significantly higher in women with diabetes vs. men (BAI 8.9 vs 6.6, p<0.001, PSS 14.3 vs 11.8, p<0.001). Multivariate analysis: female gender was significantly associated with BAI and PSS scores after adjustments to the type of diabetes, age, A1c, educational level, living alone condition and the presence of comorbidities or complications (p<0.001). In multiple linear regression, BAI and PSS scores were significantly associated with female gender a (BAI p<0.0001 and PSS p<0.0013].
Conclusions: in patients with DM female genders was associated with higher scores of anxiety and PS, in a context of isolation due to COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina.
References
I. Cosgrove M. Do stressful life events cause type 1 diabetes? Occup Med 2004 Jun;54(4):250-4.
II. Snoek FJ, Bremmer MA, Hermanns N. Constructs of depression and distress in diabetes: time for an appraisal. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015 Jun;3(6):450-60.
III. Kelly, RC, Holt, RIG, Desborough, L, et al. The psychosocial burdens of living with diabetes. Diabet Med 2023; 00:e15219. doi:10.1111/dme.15219.
IV. Nussbaumer-Streit B, Mayr V, Dobrescu AI, Chapman A, Persad E, Klerings I, et al. Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID‐19: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;4(4):CD013574.
V. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020;395(10227):912-20.
VI. Pieh C, Budimir S, Probst T. Corrigendum to the effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria. J Psychosom Res 2020 Dec;139:110278.
VII. Torrente F, Yoris A, Low DM, López P, Bekinschtein P, Manes F, et al. Sooner than you think: a very early affective reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine in Argentina. J Affect Disord 2021 Mar 1;282:495-503.
VIII. Hou F, Bi F, Jiao R, Luo D, Song K. Gender differences of depression and anxiety among social media users during the COVID-19 outbreak in China:a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2020 Nov 4;20(1):1648.
IX. Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L, et al. Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res 2020 May;287:112921.
X. Kendler KS, Thornton LM, Prescott CA. Gender differences in the rates of exposure to stressful life events and sensitivity to their depressogenic effects. Am J Psychiatry 2001 Apr;158(4):587-93.
XI. Joensen LE, Madsen KP, Holm L, Nielsen KA, Rod MH, Petersen AA, et al. Diabetes and COVID-19: psychosocial consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in people with diabetes in Denmark-what characterizes people with high levels of COVID-19-related worries? Diabet Med 2020 Jul;37(7):1146-54.
XII. Alessi J, de Oliveira GB, Franco DW, Brino do Amaral B, Becker AS, Knijnik CP, et al. Mental health in the era of COVID-19: prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a cohort of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes during the social distancing. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2020 Aug 31;12:76.
XIII. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988 Dec;56(6):893-7.
XIV. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav 1983 Dec;24(4):385-96.
XV. Magán I, Sanz J, García-Vera MP. Psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) in general population. Span J Psychol 2008 Nov;11(2):626-40.
XVI. Prowse R, Sherratt F, Abizaid A, Gabrys RL, Hellemans KGC, Patterson ZR, et al. Coping with the COVID-19 pandemic: examining gender differences in stress and mental health among university students. Front Psychiatry 2021 Apr 7;12:650759.
XVII. Galasso V, Pons V, Profeta P, Becher M, Brouard S, Foucault M. Gender differences in COVID-19 attitudes and behavior. Panel evidence from eight countries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2020 Nov 3;117(44):27285-91.
XVIII. Myers BA, Klingensmith R, de Groot M. Emotional correlates of the COVID-19 pandemic in individuals with and without diabetes. Diabetes Care 2022 Jan 1;45(1):42-58.
XIX. Silveira MSVM, Pavin EJ, Cardoso EB, Fanti P, Abdoli S. Emotional burden and care of adults with type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazilian regions. J Diabetes Complications 2021 Dec;35(12):108053.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 on behalf of the authors. Reproduction rights: Argentine Diabetes Society
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Dirección Nacional de Derecho de Autor, Exp. N° 5.333.129. Instituto Nacional de la Propiedad Industrial, Marca «Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes - Asociación Civil» N° de concesión 2.605.405 y N° de disposición 1.404/13.
La Revista de la SAD está licenciada bajo Licencia Creative Commons Atribución – No Comercial – Sin Obra Derivada 4.0 Internacional.
Por otra parte, la Revista SAD permite que los autores mantengan los derechos de autor sin restricciones.
