Influence of diabetes and comorbidities on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

Authors

  • María Laura Pomares Center for Gynecological and Metabolic Studies (CEGYM), Corrientes, Argentina
  • Silvia Gorbán de Lapertosa National University of the Northeast (UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
  • Claudio López Center for Gynecological and Metabolic Studies (CEGYM), Corrientes, Argentina
  • Damián Pomares Center for Gynecological and Metabolic Studies (CEGYM), Corrientes, Argentina
  • Mariana Ojeda Center for Gynecological and Metabolic Studies (CEGYM), Corrientes, Argentina
  • Gabriela Cuzziol Center for Gynecological and Metabolic Studies (CEGYM), Corrientes, Argentina
  • Sandra Kremer Sendros J.R. Vidal Hospital, Corrientes, Argentina
  • Rina Tejada Center for Biomedical Studies (CEBM), Corrientes, Argentina
  • Gonzalo Adrián Ojeda Center for Biomedical Studies (CEBM), Corrientes, Argentina
  • Antonela Figuerero Center for Biomedical Studies (CEBM), Corrientes, Argentina
  • Víctor Wolffenbuttel Carloto National University of the Northeast (UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
  • Carolina Gómez Martin CENDIA, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
  • Abril Del Campo CEMIC University Institute, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Francisco Rivera CEMIC University Institute, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Martina Toscana CEMIC University Institute, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Francisca Pita Romero CEMIC University Institute, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Claudio Daniel González CEMIC University Institute, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47196/diab.v58i3.1139

Keywords:

diabetes, antibodies, immunosenescence, vaccination, COVID-19, obesity, immune response

Abstract

Introduction: diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent comorbidity in people with COVID-19, and those who have it face a higher risk of severe complications due to alterations in their immune system. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, vaccination became a key tool to mitigate mortality, although its effectiveness in people with DM has been a subject of investigation. Recent studies have suggested that hyperglycemia and obesity, common in people with DM, might influence the immune response to vaccines.

Objectives: to evaluate the difference in IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels between patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and a non-diabetic control group after receiving the second vaccine against COVID-19. To examine the influence of weight and age on these outcomes.

Materials and methods: a longitudinal observational study was conducted on 152 individuals (91 with T2DM, 53 controls, and 8 with T1DM). Clinical and demographic data were collected, and IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels were measured using chemiluminescence. Statistical analyses included multiple linear regression and logistic regression to evaluate multivariate associations.

Results: patients with T1DM and T2DM showed significantly lower antibody levels post-vaccination compared to the control group (geometric mean: control 16.36, T1DM 6.16, T2DM 9.94). Age was inversely correlated with antibody levels (partial correlation coefficient -0.26, p=0.0015). No significant association was found between BMI and antibody levels. Logistic regression indicated a significant decrease in antibody titers starting at age 62.

Conclusions: patients with diabetes exhibit a reduced immunological response to the COVID-19 vaccination compared to non-diabetic individuals, with a lower production of antibodies that worsens with age. This study highlights the need to consider comorbidities and demographic factors when evaluating vaccine efficacy in specific populations. The findings suggest the potential importance of adapting vaccination strategies to optimize the immune response in patients with diabetes.

Author Biographies

María Laura Pomares, Center for Gynecological and Metabolic Studies (CEGYM), Corrientes, Argentina

Diabetology Unit

Silvia Gorbán de Lapertosa, National University of the Northeast (UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina

Faculty of Medicine

Claudio López, Center for Gynecological and Metabolic Studies (CEGYM), Corrientes, Argentina

Diabetology Unit

Damián Pomares, Center for Gynecological and Metabolic Studies (CEGYM), Corrientes, Argentina

Diabetology Unit

Mariana Ojeda, Center for Gynecological and Metabolic Studies (CEGYM), Corrientes, Argentina

Diabetology Unit

Gabriela Cuzziol, Center for Gynecological and Metabolic Studies (CEGYM), Corrientes, Argentina

Diabetology Unit

Sandra Kremer Sendros, J.R. Vidal Hospital, Corrientes, Argentina

J.R. Vidal Hospital

Rina Tejada, Center for Biomedical Studies (CEBM), Corrientes, Argentina

Center for Biomedical Studies (CEBM)

Gonzalo Adrián Ojeda, Center for Biomedical Studies (CEBM), Corrientes, Argentina

Center for Biomedical Studies (CEBM)

Antonela Figuerero, Center for Biomedical Studies (CEBM), Corrientes, Argentina

Center for Biomedical Studies (CEBM)

Víctor Wolffenbuttel Carloto, National University of the Northeast (UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina

Faculty of Medicine

Carolina Gómez Martin, CENDIA, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina

CENDIA

Abril Del Campo , CEMIC University Institute, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine

Francisco Rivera, CEMIC University Institute, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine

Martina Toscana, CEMIC University Institute, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine

Francisca Pita Romero, CEMIC University Institute, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine

Claudio Daniel González, CEMIC University Institute, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine

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Published

2024-09-17

How to Cite

Pomares, M. L., Gorbán de Lapertosa, S., López, C., Pomares, D., Ojeda, M., Cuzziol, G., Sendros, S. K., Tejada, R., Ojeda, G. A., Figuerero, A., Wolffenbuttel Carloto, V., Gómez Martin, C., Del Campo , A., Rivera, F., Toscana, M., Pita Romero, F., & González, C. D. (2024). Influence of diabetes and comorbidities on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Journal of the Argentine Society of Diabetes, 58(3), 104–112. https://doi.org/10.47196/diab.v58i3.1139

Issue

Vol. 58 No. 3 (2024): September-December 2024

Section

Original article

License

Copyright (c) 2024 on behalf of the authors. Reproduction rights: Argentine Society of Diabetes

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Dirección Nacional de Derecho de Autor, Exp. N° 5.333.129. Instituto Nacional de la Propiedad Industrial, Marca «Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes - Asociación Civil» N° de concesión 2.605.405 y N° de disposición 1.404/13.

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