Cascada de señalización de la insulina y la actividad física para el transporte de GLUT-4 y la captación de glucosa en el músculo esquelético
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47196/diab.v57i3.725Palabras clave:
músculo esquelético, insulina, ejercicioResumen
El músculo esquelético (ME), debido a su significativo tamaño y función, representa el tejido que más energía demanda durante la actividad física. En respuesta a esta demanda, ha desarrollado un sistema altamente especializado para almacenar energía y satisfacer sus necesidades metabólicas. Para alcanzar esta eficacia en el almacenamiento y abastecimiento de nutrientes, en particular de glucosa, el ME depende de una incorporación nutricional eficaz. La relación entre la insulina y el ejercicio ilustra un ejemplo de equilibrio complejo y de adaptación, en el que dos fuerzas reguladoras metabólicas se contraponen en contextos cambiantes.
El aumento de la insulina en la sangre comunica al ME la presencia de niveles elevados de glucosa plasmática. Aunque la insulina se secreta tras la ingesta y es la principal hormona que aumenta el almacenamiento de glucosa y ácidos grasos en forma de glucógeno y triglicéridos, respectivamente, el ejercicio es una situación fisiológica que exige la movilización y oxidación de las reservas energéticas. Por lo tanto, durante la actividad física, los efectos del almacenamiento inducidos por la insulina deben mitigarse mediante la inhibición de la liberación de insulina durante el ejercicio, y la activación de los mecanismos sistémicos y locales de movilización de energía.
La interacción de la insulina con su receptor da lugar a una compleja cascada de señales que promueve la captación de glucosa y la síntesis de glucógeno. Uno de los efectos más estudiados de la señalización insulínica en el ME es el incremento en la captación de la glucosa muscular. Tanto la insulina como la actividad contráctil aumentan la entrada de glucosa en el ME, proceso que involucra la translocación y fusión de vesículas que contienen el transportador de glucosa GLUT-4 en la membrana (GSV: vesículas de almacenamiento de GLUT-4). Así, los estímulos mencionados provocan el traslado de las GSV hacia la superficie celular, donde se fusionan, lo que aumenta la presencia de GLUT-4 y favorece la captación de glucosa del entorno intersticial. Este proceso de fusión se conoce como “exocitosis de GLUT-4”.
Tras la actividad física, es necesario reponer las reservas de energía consumidas, en especial, el glucógeno en el músculo. El proceso se ve favorecido por un aumento de la sensibilidad a la insulina en los músculos previamente ejercitados, lo que facilita la utilización de la glucosa en la resíntesis del glucógeno. Este trabajo de revisión abarca los nuevos actores de la cascada de señalización de la insulina, el transporte de GLUT-4 y las interacciones insulina-ejercicio durante y después de la actividad física. Además, explora los efectos del entrenamiento físico regular sobre la acción de la insulina.
Citas
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