Table 2: Heart failure and diabetes mellitus type 2

Authors

  • Julieta Méndez Argentine Diabetes Society, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Carolina Gómez Martín Argentine Diabetes Society, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Javier Remón Argentine Diabetes Society, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Solange Houssay Argentine Diabetes Society, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Ezequiel Forte Argentine Society of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Diagnosis Center (CENDIC), Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
  • Silvana Manfredo Argentine Diabetes Society, Private Diabetes Clinic, Necochea, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
  • María Laura Roselli Argentine Society of Diabetes, Esteban Iribarne Municipal Hospital staff, Suipacha, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
  • Matías Re Argentine Society of Diabetes, San Juan de Dios Hospital, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Diagnosis, Treatment and Education Center (CEDIAB), La Plata, Province from Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Débora Hernández Argentine Society of Diabetes, Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Parmenio Piñero, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Austral University Hospital, Pilar, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Marina Margosian Argentine Diabetes Society, Specialist in Nutrition and Diabetes, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Melina Sabán Argentine Society of Diabetes, British Hospital, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Martín Maraschio Argentine Society of Diabetes, Municipal Hospital Dr. A. Pintos, Azul, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Natalia Blanco Argentine Society of Diabetes, Hospital Escuela de Agudos, Dr. Ramón Madariaga, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
  • Rubén de Marco Argentine Society of Diabetes, Hospital El Cruce-Dr. Néstor Kirchner, Florencio Varela, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Sandra Salva Argentine Diabetes Society. Zonal General Acute Hospital Dr. Alberto Edgardo Balestrini, Ciudad Evita, Province of Buenos Aires. Italian Hospital Centro Agustín Roca, San Justo, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47196/diab.v54i2Sup.252

Keywords:

heart failure, diabetes, cardiovascular risk, coronary heart disease, ejection fraction

Abstract

Since the Framingham study in 1974 reported a 2 to 5 fold increase in the risk of developing heart failure (HF) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), other observational studies confirmed this association that has gained great visibility in recent years from of the results of cardiovascular safety studies of antidiabetic drugs.

HF is defined as a clinical syndrome that results from functional or structural deterioration of ventricular filling or blood ejection. It can be classified according to the ejection fraction, the presence of symptoms and the limitation to physical activity.

There are different factors associated with HF in people with DM such as age, duration of the disease, insulin use, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, peripheral arterial disease, increased creatinine, poor glycemic control, albuminuria and obesity. In turn, HF is associated with insulin resistance and dysglycemic states that are considered of risk for the development of DM.

Author Biographies

Julieta Méndez, Argentine Diabetes Society, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Medical Doctor; Coordinator of the National Program for the Prevention and Control of People with Diabetes Mellitus

Carolina Gómez Martín, Argentine Diabetes Society, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Member of the Graduate Committee, Argentine Diabetes Society; Member of the Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Committee, Argentine Diabetes Society; Medical doctor specialized in Diabetes; Co-Director Comprehensive Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes (CENDIA)

Javier Remón, Argentine Diabetes Society, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Member of the Graduate Committee, Argentine Diabetes Society; Staff Doctor, Nutrition and Diabetes Service, Private Community Hospital

Solange Houssay, Argentine Diabetes Society, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Coordinator of the Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Committee, Argentine Diabetes Society; Staff Physician, Nutrition Unit, Dr. José María Ramos Mejía General Acute Hospital

Ezequiel Forte, Argentine Society of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Diagnosis Center (CENDIC), Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina

Cardiometabolism Council, Argentine Society of Cardiology; Cardiologist; Medical Director of the Cardiovascular Diagnostic Center (CENDIC)

Silvana Manfredo, Argentine Diabetes Society, Private Diabetes Clinic, Necochea, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina

Member of the Graduate Committee, Argentine Diabetes Society; Diabetologist, Private Diabetology Clinic

María Laura Roselli, Argentine Society of Diabetes, Esteban Iribarne Municipal Hospital staff, Suipacha, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina

Member of the Graduate Committee, Argentine Diabetes Society; Medical, staff at Esteban Iribarne Municipal Hospital

Matías Re, Argentine Society of Diabetes, San Juan de Dios Hospital, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Diagnosis, Treatment and Education Center (CEDIAB), La Plata, Province from Buenos Aires, Argentina

Member of the Graduate Committee, Argentine Diabetes Society; Doctor; Head of Diabetes Unit, San Juan de Dios Hospital; Clinical doctor specialized in diabetes, Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Education in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Factors (CEDIAB)

Débora Hernández, Argentine Society of Diabetes, Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Parmenio Piñero, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Austral University Hospital, Pilar, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Member of the Graduate Committee, Argentine Diabetes Society; Medical, Medical Clinic Service, Dr. Parmenio Piñero General Acute Hospital; Physician, staff of the Diabetology Service, Hospital Universitario Austral

Marina Margosian, Argentine Diabetes Society, Specialist in Nutrition and Diabetes, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Member of the Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Committee, Argentine Diabetes Society; Medical specialist in Nutrition and Diabetes, Diabetes Division of the José de San Martín Hospital de Clínicas

Melina Sabán, Argentine Society of Diabetes, British Hospital, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Member of the Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Committee, Argentine Diabetes Society; Medical, staff of the Endocrinology, Metabolism, Nutrition and Diabetes Service, British Hospital

Martín Maraschio, Argentine Society of Diabetes, Municipal Hospital Dr. A. Pintos, Azul, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Member of the Graduate Committee, Argentine Diabetes Society; Diabetologist Doctor; Head of the Medical Clinic Service Municipal Hospital Dr. A. Pintos

Natalia Blanco, Argentine Society of Diabetes, Hospital Escuela de Agudos, Dr. Ramón Madariaga, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina

Member of the Graduate Committee, Argentine Diabetes Society; Diabetologist, Acute Teaching Hospital, Dr. Ramón Madariaga

Rubén de Marco, Argentine Society of Diabetes, Hospital El Cruce-Dr. Néstor Kirchner, Florencio Varela, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Member of the Graduate Committee, Argentine Diabetes Society; Diabetologist Doctor; Coordinator of the Diabetes Unit, Hospital El Cruce-Dr. Néstor Kirchner

Sandra Salva, Argentine Diabetes Society. Zonal General Acute Hospital Dr. Alberto Edgardo Balestrini, Ciudad Evita, Province of Buenos Aires. Italian Hospital Centro Agustín Roca, San Justo, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Member of the Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Committee, Argentine Diabetes Society; Physician of the Medical Clinic Service, Nutrition and Diabetes Section, Dr. Alberto Edgardo Balestrini Zonal General Acute Hospital; Physician associated with Medical Clinic, Hospital Italiano Centro Agustín Roca

References

I. Gilbert RE, Krum H. Heart failure in diabetes: effects of anti-hyperglycaemic drug therapy. Lancet 2015 May 23; 385(9982):2107-17.

II. Perna E, Coronel ML, Echazarreta D, Canella P. Revisión de insuficiencia cardíaca en Argentina. Avances y retrocesos luego de dos décadas de registros y más de 19.000 pacientes incluidos. Insuficiencia Cardíaca 2015;10(1):2-10.

III. Dunlay SM, Roger VL. Understanding the epidemic of heart failure: past, present, and future. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2014 Dec; 11(4):404-15.

IV. Amato L, Paolisso G, Cacciatore F, Ferrara N, Ferrara P, Canonico S, Varricchio M, Rengo F. Congestive heart failure predicts the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the elderly. The Osservatorio Geriatrico Regione Campania Group. Diabetes Metab 1997 Jun; 23(3):213-8.

V. Giugliano D, Meier JJ, Esposito K. Heart failure and type 2 diabetes: from cardiovascular outcome trials, with hope. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019 May; 21(5):1081-7.

VI. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJV, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WHW, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL; American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013 Oct 15; 62(16):e147-239.

VII. Marino J, Barisani JL, Thierer J, et al. Consenso de insuficiencia cardíaca crónica. Revista Argentina de Cardiología 2016; 84(3):2-49.

VIII. Dolgin M. Nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis of diseases of the heart and great vessels. Little, Brown Medical Division; 1994:334.

IX. Savarese G, Lund LH. Global public health burden of heart failure. Cardiac Failure Review 2017; 03(01):7.

X. IDF Diabetes Atlas 9th Edition 2019 (Internet). Disponible en: https://www.diabetesatlas.org/en/.

XI. Roger VL. Epidemiology of heart failure (Internet). Circulation Research 2013; Vol. 113: 646-59. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.113.300268.

XII. Perel C. Insuficiencia cardíaca y diabetes. Nuevos tratamientos para la diabetes. Insuficiencia Cardíaca 2018; 13(4):155-69.

XIII. Berl T, Hunsicker LG, Lewis JB, Pfeffer MA, Porush JG, Rouleau J-L, Drury PL, Esmatjes E, Hricik D, Parikh CR, Raz I, Vanhille P, Wiegmann TB, Wolfe BM, Locatelli F, Goldhaber SZ, Lewis EJ; Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial. Collaborative study group. Cardiovascular outcomes in the irbesartan diabetic nephropathy trial of patients with type 2 diabetes and overt nephropathy. Ann Intern Med 2003 Apr 1;138(7):542-9.

XIV. Carr AA, Kowey PR, Devereux RB, Brenner BM, Dahlöf B, Ibsen H, Lindholm LH, Lyle PA, Snapinn SM, Zhang Z, Edelman JM, Shahinfar S. Hospitalizations for new heart failure among subjects with diabetes mellitus in the RENAAL and LIFE studies. Am J Cardiol 2005 Dec 1; 96(11):1530-6.

XV. Kannel WB, Hjortland M, Castelli WP. Role of diabetes in congestive heart failure: the Framingham study. Am J Cardiol 1974 Jul; 34(1):29-34.

XVI. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA, Hadden D, Turner RC, Holman RR. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000 Aug 12; 321(7258):405-12.

XVII. Dunlay SM, Givertz MM, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Chan M, Desai AS, Deswal A, Dickson VV, Kosiborod MN, Lekavich CL, McCoy RG, Mentz RJ, Piña IL; American Heart Association Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, and the Heart Failure Society of America. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the Heart Failure Society of America: This statement does not represent an update of the 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA heart failure guideline update. Circulation 2019 Aug 13; 140(7):e294-324.

XVIII. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Incidence of heart failure in 2,737 older persons with and without diabetes mellitus. Chest 1999 Mar; 115(3):867-8.

XIX. Boonman-de Winter LJM, Rutten FH, Cramer MJM, Landman MJ, Liem AH, Rutten GEHM, Hoes AW. High prevalence of previously unknown heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2012 Aug; 55(8):2154-62.

XX. Bertoni AG, Hundley WG, Massing MW, Bonds DE, Burke GL, Goff DC Jr. Heart failure prevalence, incidence, and mortality in the elderly with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004 Mar; 27(3):699-703.

XXI. Iribarren C, Karter AJ, Go AS, Ferrara A, Liu JY, Sidney S, Selby JV. Glycemic control and heart failure among adult patients with diabetes. Circulation 2001 Jun 5; 103(22):2668-73.

XXII. Barzilay JI, Kronmal RA, Gottdiener JS, Smith NL, Burke GL, Tracy R, Savage PJ, Carlson M. The association of fasting glucose levels with congestive heart failure in diabetic adults > or =65 years: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004 Jun 16; 43(12):2236-41.

XXIII. Baliga V, Sapsford R. Review article: diabetes mellitus and heart failure. An overview of epidemiology and management. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2009 Jul; 6(3):164-71.

XXIV. Doehner W, Rauchhaus M, Ponikowski P, Godsland IF, von Haehling S, Okonko DO, Leyva F, Proudler AJ, Coats AJS, Anker SD. Impaired insulin sensitivity as an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with stable chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005 Sep 20; 46(6):1019-26.

XXV. Tenenbaum A, Motro M, Fisman EZ, Leor J, Boyko V, Mandelzweig L, Behar S. Status of glucose metabolism in patients with heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2002 Sep 1; 90(5):529-32.

XXVI. Egstrup M, Kistorp CN, Schou M, Høfsten DE, Møller JE, Tuxen CD, Gustafsson I. Abnormal glucose metabolism is associated with reduced left ventricular contractile reserve and exercise intolerance in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013 Apr; 14(4):349-57.

XXVII. Kistorp C, Galatius S, Gustafsson F, Faber J, Corell P, Hildebrandt P. Prevalence and characteristics of diabetic patients in a chronic heart failure population. Int J Cardiol 2005 Apr 20; 100(2):281-7.

XXVIII. Thrainsdottir IS, Aspelund T, Thorgeirsson G, Gudnason V, Hardarson T, Malmberg K, Sigurdsson G, Rydén L. The association between glucose abnormalities and heart failure in the population-based Reykjavik study. Diabetes Care 2005 Mar; 28(3):612-6.

XXIX. Clodi M, Resl M, Stelzeneder D, Pacini G, Tura A, Mörtl D, Struck J, Morgenthaler NG, Bergmann A, Riedl M, Anderwald-Stadler M, Luger A, Pacher R, Hülsmann M. Interactions of glucose metabolism and chronic heart failure. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2009 Mar; 117(3):99-106.

XXX. Flores-Le-Roux JA, Benaiges Boix D, Pedro-Botet J. Heart failure and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Clin 2012 May 12; 138(13):579-83.

XXXI. Sarma S, Mentz RJ, Kwasny MJ, Fought AJ, Huffman M, Subacius H, Nodari S, Konstam M, Swedberg K, Maggioni AP, Zannad F, Bonow RO, Gheorghiade M; EVEREST investigators. Association between diabetes mellitus and post-discharge outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure: findings from the EVEREST trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2013 Feb; 15(2):194-202.

XXXII. Greenberg BH, Abraham WT, Albert NM, Chiswell K, Clare R, Stough WG, Gheorghiade M, O’Connor CM, Sun JL, Yancy CW, Young JB, Fonarow GC. Influence of diabetes on characteristics and outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure: a report from the Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure (OPTIMIZE-HF). Am Heart J 2007 Aug; 154(2):277.e1-8.

XXXIII. Bauters C, Lamblin N, Mc Fadden EP, Van Belle E, Millaire A, de Groote P. Influence of diabetes mellitus on heart failure risk and outcome. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2003 Jan 8; 2:1.

XXXIV. Triposkiadis F, Giamouzis G, Parissis J, Starling RC, Boudoulas H, Skoularigis J, Butler J, Filippatos G. Reframing the association and significance of co-morbidities in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2016 Jul; 18(7):744-58.

XXXV. Tune JD, Goodwill AG, Sassoon DJ, Mather KJ. Cardiovascular consequences of metabolic syndrome. Transl Res 2017 May; 183:57-70.

XXXVI. Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Deswal A, Dunbar SB, Francis GS, Horwich T, Jessup M, Kosiborod M, Pritchett AM, Ramasubbu K, Rosendorff C, Yancy C; American Heart Association Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Hypertension, and Council on Quality and Outcomes Research. Contributory risk and management of comorbidities of hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome in chronic heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2016 Dec 6; 134(23):e535-78.

XXXVII. Chen G, McAlister FA, Walker RL, Hemmelgarn BR, Campbell NRC. Cardiovascular outcomes in framingham participants with diabetes: the importance of blood pressure. Hypertension 2011 May; 57(5):891-7.

XXXVIII. Kenchaiah S, Evans JC, Levy D, Wilson PWF, Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Vasan RS. Obesity and the risk of heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002 Aug 1; 347(5):305-13.

XXXIX. Carbone S, Lavie CJ, Arena R. Obesity and heart failure: focus on the obesity Paradox. Mayo Clin Proc 2017 Feb; 92(2):266-79.

XL. Ingelsson E, Arnlöv J, Lind L, Sundström J. Metabolic syndrome and risk for heart failure in middle-aged men. Heart 2006 Oct; 92(10):1409-13.

XLI. Nichols GA, Hillier TA, Erbey JR, Brown JB. Congestive heart failure in type 2 diabetes: prevalence, incidence, and risk factors. Diabetes Care 2001 Sep; 24(9):1614-9.

XLII. Nichols GA, Gullion CM, Koro CE, Ephross SA, Brown JB. The incidence of congestive heart failure in type 2 diabetes: an update. Diabetes Care 2004 Aug; 27(8):1879-84.

XLIII. Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V, Federici M, Filippatos G, Grobbee DE, Hansen TB, Huikuri HV, Johansson I, Jüni P, Lettino M, Marx N, Mellbin LG, Östgren CJ, Rocca B, Roffi M, Sattar N, Seferović PM, Sousa-Uva M, Valensi P, Wheeler DC; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J 2020 ; 41 (2) :255-323. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486.

XLIV. Kottgen A, Russell SD, Loehr LR, Crainiceanu CM, Rosamond WD, Chang PP, Chambless LE, Coresh J. Reduced kidney function as a risk factor for incident heart failure: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007 Apr; 18(4):1307-15.

XLV. Vaur L, Gueret P, Lievre M, Chabaud S, Passa P. Development of congestive heart failure in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria or proteinuria: observations from the DIABHYCAR (type 2 DIABetes, Hypertension, CArdiovascular Events and Ramipril) study. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:855-60. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.3.855.

XLVI. Gulsin GS, Athithan L, McCann GP. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: prevalence, determinants and potential treatments. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2019 Mar 27; 10.

XLVII. An D, Rodrigues B. Role of changes in cardiac metabolism in development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006 Oct; 291(4):H1489-506.

XLVIII. Ashrafian H, Frenneaux MP, Opie LH. Metabolic mechanisms in heart failure. Circulation 2007 Jul 24; 116(4):434-48.

XLIX. Rossen JD. Abnormal microvascular function in diabetes: relationship to diabetic cardiomyopathy. Coron Artery Dis 1996 Feb; 7(2):133-8.

L. Johnstone MT, Creager SJ, Scales KM, Cusco JA, Lee BK, Creager MA. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Circulation 1993 Dec; 88(6):2510-6.

LI. Bucala R, Tracey KJ, Cerami A. Advanced glycosylation products quench nitric oxide and mediate defective endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in experimental diabetes. J Clin Invest 1991 Feb; 87(2):432-8.

LII. Sebbag L, Forrat R, Canet E, Wiernsperger N, Delaye J, Renaud S, De Lorgeril M. Effect of experimental non-insulin requiring diabetes on myocardial microcirculation during ischaemia in dogs. Eur J Clin Invest 1994 Oct; 24(10):686-90.

LIII. van Heerebeek L, Hamdani N, Handoko ML, Falcao-Pires I, Musters RJ, Kupreishvili K, Ijsselmuiden AJJ, Schalkwijk CG, Bronzwaer JGF, Diamant M, Borbély A, van der Velden J, Stienen GJM, Laarman GJ, Niessen HWM, Paulus WJ. Diastolic stiffness of the failing diabetic heart: importance of fibrosis, advanced glycation end products, and myocyte resting tension. Circulation 2008 Jan 1; 117(1):43-51.

LIV. Heymes C, Vanderheyden M, Bronzwaer JG, Shah AM, Paulus WJ. Endomyocardial nitric oxide synthase and left ventricular preload reserve in dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1999 Jun 15; 99(23):3009-16.

LV. Asbun J, Villarreal FJ. The pathogenesis of myocardial fibrosis in the setting of diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006 Feb 21; 47(4):693-700.

LVI. Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome update. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016 May; 26(4):364-73.

LVII. Prabhu SD, Frangogiannis NG. The biological basis for cardiac repair after myocardial infarction: from inflammation to fibrosis. Circ Res 2016 Jun 24; 119(1):91-112.

LVIII. Frieler RA, Mortensen RM. Immune cell and other noncardiomyocyte regulation of cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. Circulation 2015 Mar 17; 131(11):1019-30.

LIX. Mann DL. The emerging role of innate immunity in the heart and vascular system: for whom the cell tolls. Circ Res 2011 Apr 29; 108(9):1133-45.

LX. Yan SF, Ramasamy R, Naka Y, Schmidt AM. Glycation, inflammation, and RAGE: a scaffold for the macrovascular complications of diabetes and beyond. Circ Res 2003 Dec 12; 93(12):1159-69.

LXI. Boudina S, Abel ED. Diabetic cardiomyopathy revisited. Circulation 2007 Jun 26; 115(25):3213-23.

LXII. Waddingham MT, Edgley AJ, Tsuchimochi H, Kelly DJ, Shirai M, Pearson JT. Contractile apparatus dysfunction early in the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy. World J Diabetes 2015 Jul 10; 6(7):943-60.

LXIII. Geyer H, Caracciolo G, Abe H, Wilansky S, Carerj S, Gentile F, Nesser HJ, Khandheria B, Narula J, Sengupta PP. Assessment of myocardial mechanics using speckle tracking echocardiography: fundamentals and clinical applications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010 Apr; 23(4):351-69.

LXIV. Ernande L, Bergerot C, Rietzschel ER, De Buyzere ML, Thibault H, Pignonblanc PG, Croisille P, Ovize M, Groisne L, Moulin P, Gillebert TC, Derumeaux G. Diastolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: is it really the first marker of diabetic cardiomyopathy? J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011 Nov; 24(11):1268-75.e1.

LXV. Bugger H, Abel ED. Molecular mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetologia 2014 Apr; 57(4):660-71.

LXVI. Ertunc ME, Hotamisligil GS. Lipid signaling and lipotoxicity in metaflammation: indications for metabolic disease pathogenesis and treatment. Journal of Lipid Research. 2016; 57: 2099-114. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.r066514.

LXVII. Levelt E, Mahmod M, Piechnik SK, Ariga R, Francis JM, Rodgers CT, Clarke WT, Sabharwal N, Schneider JE, Karamitsos TD, Clarke K, Rider OJ, Neubauer S. Relationship between left ventricular structural and metabolic remodeling in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2016 Jan; 65(1):44-52.

LXVIII. Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Paranicas M, O’Grady MJ, Lee ET, Welty TK, Fabsitz RR, Robbins D, Rhoades ER, Howard BV. Impact of diabetes on cardiac structure and function: the strong heart study. Circulation 2000 May 16; 101(19):2271-6.

LXIX. Bonapace S, Valbusa F, Bertolini L, Zenari L, Canali G, Molon G, Lanzoni L, Cecchetto A, Rossi A, Mantovani A, Zoppini G, Barbieri E, Targher G. Early impairment in left ventricular longitudinal systolic function is associated with an increased risk of incident atrial fibrillation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2017; 31:413-8. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.10.032.

LXX. Gjesdal O, Bluemke DA, Lima JA. Cardiac remodeling at the population level-risk factors, screening, and outcomes. Nature Reviews Cardiology 2011; 8:673-85. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2011.154

LXXI. Lehrke M, Marx N. Diabetes mellitus and heart failure. Am J Med 2017 Jun; 130(6S):S40-50.

LXXII. Umaña-Giraldo HJ, et al. Semiología y diagnóstico diferencial de la insuficiencia cardíaca crónica. Rev Med Risaralda 2018; 23(1):49-57.

LXXIII. Panzitta MC, Sinay I. Insuficiencia cardíaca y diabetes. Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes 2018; 52(1):25-34.

LXXIV. Pieske B, Tschöpe C, de Boer RA, Fraser AG, Anker SD, Donal E, Edelmann F, Fu M, Guazzi M, Lam CSP, Lancellotti P, Melenovsky V, Morris DA, Nagel E, Pieske-Kraigher E, Ponikowski P, Solomon SD, Vasan RS, Rutten FH, Voors AA, Ruschitzka F, Paulus WJ, Seferovic P, Filippatos G. How to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the HFA-PEFF diagnostic algorithm: a consensus recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2019 Oct 21; 40(40):3297-317.

LXXV. Tafur JD, Ventura HO. Bidirectional impact of two chronic diseases: heart failure and diabetes mellitus. Medwave 2016; 16: e6823-e6823. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2016.6823.

LXXVI. Paredes C A, Vega J, de León A, Kanacri A, Castro P, Baeza R. Clinical usefulness of biomarkers in cardiac failure. Rev Med Chil 2013 Dec; 141(12):1560-9.

LXXVII. Ezekowitz JA, O’Meara E, McDonald MA, Abrams H, Chan M, Ducharme A, Giannetti N, Grzeslo A, Hamilton PG, Heckman GA, Howlett JG, Koshman SL, Lepage S, McKelvie RS, Moe GW, Rajda M, Swiggum E, Virani SA, Zieroth S, Al-Hesayen A, Cohen-Solal A, D’Astous M, De S, Estrella-Holder E, Fremes S, Green L, Haddad H, Harkness K, Hernandez AF, Kouz S, LeBlanc M-H, Masoudi FA, Ross HJ, Roussin A, Sussex B. 2017 Comprehensive update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the management of heart failure. Can J Cardiol 2017 Nov; 33(11):1342-433.

LXXVIII. Montesino N, Figueredo M, García Y, et al. Péptido natriurético tipo B. Utilidad clínica. Remij 2013; 14(1):115-33.

LXXIX. Fraty M, Velho G, Gand E, Fumeron F, Ragot S, Sosner P, Mohammedi K, Gellen B, Saulnier P-J, Halimi J-M, Montaigne D, Ducrocq G, Rehman M, Marre M, Roussel R, Hadjadj S; SURDIAGENE Study Group. Prognostic value of plasma MR-proADM vs NT-proBNP for heart failure in people with type 2 diabetes: the SURDIAGENE prospective study. Diabetologia 2018 Dec; 61(12):2643-53.

LXXX. Bell DSH, Goncalves E. Heart failure in the patient with diabetes: epidemiology, aetiology, prognosis, therapy and the effect of glucose-lowering medications. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019 Jun; 21(6):1277-90.

LXXXI. Davie AP, Francis CM, Love MP, Caruana L, Starkey IR, Shaw TR, Sutherland GR, McMurray JJ. Value of the electrocardiogram in identifying heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. BMJ 1996 Jan 27; 312(7025):222.

LXXXII. Paulus WJ, Tschöpe C, Sanderson JE, Rusconi C, Flachskampf FA, Rademakers FE, Marino P, Smiseth OA, De Keulenaer G, Leite-Moreira AF, Borbély A, Edes I, Handoko ML, Heymans S, Pezzali N, Pieske B, Dickstein K, Fraser AG, Brutsaert DL. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2007 Oct; 28(20):2539-50.

LXXXIII. Pennell DJ, Sechtem UP, Higgins CB, Manning WJ, Pohost GM, Rademakers FE, van Rossum AC, Shaw LJ, Yucel EK, European Society of cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): Consensus Panel report. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2004; 6(4):727-65.

LXXXIV. Hendel RC, Patel MR, Kramer CM, Poon M, Hendel RC, Carr JC, Gerstad NA, Gillam LD, Hodgson JM, Kim RJ, Kramer CM, Lesser JR, Martin ET, Messer JV, Redberg RF, Rubin GD, Rumsfeld JS, Taylor AJ, Weigold WG, Woodard PK, Brindis RG, Hendel RC, Douglas PS, Peterson ED, Wolk MJ, Allen JM, Patel MR; American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group, American College of Radiology, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, North American Society for Cardiac Imaging, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology. ACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SIR 2006 appropriateness criteria for cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group, American College of Radiology, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, North American Society for Cardiac Imaging, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Interventional Radiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006 Oct 3; 48(7):1475-97.

LXXXV. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr, Bigger JT, Buse JB, Cushman WC, Genuth S, Ismail-Beigi F, Grimm RH Jr, Probstfield JL, Simons-Morton DG, Friedewald WT; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008 Jun 12; 358(24):2545-59.

LXXXVI. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Billot L, Woodward M, Marre M, Cooper M, Glasziou P, Grobbee D, Hamet P, Harrap S, Heller S, Liu L, Mancia G, Mogensen CE, Pan C, Poulter N, Rodgers A, Williams B, Bompoint S, de Galan BE, Joshi R, Travert F; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008 Jun 12; 358(24):2560-72.

LXXXVII. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, Reda D, Emanuele N, Reaven PD, Zieve FJ, Marks J, Davis SN, Hayward R, Warren SR, Goldman S, McCarren M, Vitek ME, Henderson WG, Huang GD; VADT Investigators. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009 Jan 8; 360(2):129-39.

LXXXVIII. Frye RL, August P, Brooks MM, Hardison RM, Kelsey SF, MacGregor JM, Orchard TJ, Chaitman BR, Genuth SM, Goldberg SH, Hlatky MA, Jones TLZ, Molitch ME, Nesto RW, Sako EY, Sobel BE; BARI 2D Study Group. A randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2009 Jun 11; 360(24):2503-15.

LXXXIX. Gerstein HC, Bosch J, Dagenais GR, Díaz R, Jung H, Maggioni AP, Pogue J, Probstfield J, Ramachandran A, Riddle MC, Rydén LE, Yusuf S; ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med 2012 Jul 26; 367(4):319-28.

XC. Gerstein HC, Jung H, Rydén L, Diaz R, Gilbert RE, Yusuf S; ORIGIN Investigators. Effect of basal insulin glargine on first and recurrent episodes of heart failure hospitalization: The ORIGIN Trial (Outcome Reduction With Initial Glargine Intervention). Circulation 2018 Jan 2; 137(1):88-90.

XCI. Basu A, Jensen MD, McCann F, Mukhopadhyay D, Joyner MJ, Rizza RA. Effects of pioglitazone vs glipizide on body fat distribution, body water content, and hemodynamics in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29:510-4. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-2004.

XCII. Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, Curtis PS, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Jones NP, Komajda M, McMurray JJV. Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial. The Lancet 2009; 373: 2125-35. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60953-3.

XCIII. Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJA, Erdmann E, Massi-Benedetti M, Moules IK, Skene AM, Tan MH, Lefèbvre PJ, Murray GD, Standl E, Wilcox RG, Wilhelmsen L, Betteridge J, Birkeland K, Golay A, Heine RJ, Korányi L, Laakso M, Mokáň M, Norkus A, Pirags V, Podar T, Scheen A, Scherbaum W, Schernthaner G, Schmitz O, Škrha J, Smith U, Tatoň J. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 2005; 366:1279-89. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67528-9.

XCIV. Scirica BM, Bhatt DL, Braunwald E, Gabriel Steg P, Davidson J, Hirshberg B, Ohman P, Frederich R, Wiviott SD, Hoffman EB, Cavender MA, Udell JA, Desai NR, Mosenzon O, McGuire DK, Ray KK, Leiter LA, Raz I. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine 2013; 369: 1317-26. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1307684.

XCV. White WB, Bakris GL, Bergenstal RM, Cannon CP, Cushman WC, Fleck P, Heller S, Mehta C, Nissen SE, Perez A, Wilson C, Zannad F. Examination of cardiovascular outcomes with alogliptIn vs standard of care in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and acute coronary syndrome (EXAMINE). American Heart Journal 2011; 162:620-6.e1. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2011.08.004.

XCVI. Green JB, Angelyn-Bethel M, Armstrong PW, Buse JB, Engel SS, Garg J, Josse R, Kaufman KD, Koglin J, Korn S, Lachin JM, McGuire DK, Pencina MJ, Standl E, Stein PP, Suryawanshi S, Van de Werf F, Peterson ED, Holman RR. Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2015; 373:232-42. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1501352.

XCVII. McGuire DK, Alexander JH, Johansen OE, Perkovic V, Rosenstock J, Cooper ME, Wanner C, Kahn SE, Toto RD, Zinman B, Baanstra D, Pfarr E, Schnaidt S, Meinicke T, George JT, von Eynatten M, Marx N; on behalf of the CARMELINA Investigators. Linagliptin effects on heart failure and related outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus at high cardiovascular and renal risk in CARMELINA. Circulation 2019; 139:351-61. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.118.038352.

XCVIII. Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, Kristensen P, Mann JFE, Nauck MA, Nissen SE, Pocock S, Poulter NR, Ravn LS, Steinberg WM, Stockner M, Zinman B, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2016; 375:311-22. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1603827.

XCIX. Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, Eliaschewitz FG, Jódar E, Leiter LA, Lingvay I, Rosenstock J, Seufert J, Warren ML, Woo V, Hansen O, Holst AG, Pettersson J, Vilsbøll T. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2016; 375:1834-44. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1607141.

C. Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Diaz R, Dickstein K, Gerstein HC, Køber LV, Lawson FC, Ping L, Wei X, Lewis EF, Maggioni AP, McMurray JJV, Probstfield JL, Riddle MC, Solomon SD, Tardif J-C. Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 2015; 373:2247-57. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1509225.

CI. Holman RR, Angelyn-Bethel M, Mentz RJ, Thompson VP, Lokhnygina Y, Buse JB, Chan JC, Choi J, Gustavson SM, Iqbal N, Maggioni AP, Marso SP, Öhman P, Pagidipati NJ, Poulter N, Ramachandran A, Zinman B, Hernandez AF. Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2017; 377:228-39. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1612917.

CII. Eurich DT, Weir DL, Majumdar SR, Tsuyuki RT, Johnson JA, Tjosvold L, Vanderloo SE, McAlister FA. Comparative safety and effectiveness of metformin in patients with diabetes mellitus and heart failure: systematic review of observational studies involving 34,000 patients. Circ Heart Fail 2013 May; 6(3):395-402.

CIII. Yang D-Y, He X, Liang H-W, Zhang S-Z, Zhong X-B, Luo C-F, Du Z-M, He J-G, Zhuang X-D, Liao X-X. Comparative outcomes of heart failure among existent classes of anti-diabetic agents: a network meta-analysis of 171.253 participants from 91 randomized controlled trials. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019 Apr 8; 18(1):47.

CIV. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, Mattheus M, Devins T, Johansen OE, Woerle HJ, Broedl UC, Inzucchi SE; EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015 Nov 26; 373(22):2117-28.

CV. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, de Zeeuw D, Fulcher G, Erondu N, Shaw W, Law G, Desai M, Matthews DR. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2017; 377:644-57. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1611925.

CVI. Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, Mosenzon O, Kato ET, Cahn A, Silverman MG, Zelniker TA, Kuder JF, Murphy SA, Bhatt DL, Leiter LA, McGuire DK, Wilding JPH, Ruff CT, Gause-Nilsson IAM, Fredriksson M, Johansson PA, Langkilde A-M, Sabatine MS; DECLARE–TIMI 58 Investigators. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2019 Jan 24; 380(4):347-57.

CVII. Tentolouris A, Vlachakis P, Tzeravini E, Eleftheriadou I, Tentolouris N. SGLT-2 inhibitors: a review of their antidiabetic and cardioprotective effects. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019 Aug 17; 16(16):2965.

CVIII. Bowes CD, Lien LF, Butler J. Clinical aspects of heart failure in individuals with diabetes. Diabetologia 2019 Sep; 62(9):1529-38.

CIX. McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, Køber L, Kosiborod MN, Martinez FA, Ponikowski P, Sabatine MS, Anand IS, Bělohlávek J, Böhm M, Chiang C-E, Chopra VK, de Boer RA, Desai AS, Diez M, Drozdz J, Dukát A, Ge J, Howlett JG, Katova T, Kitakaze M, Ljungman CEA, Merkely B, Nicolau JC, O’Meara E, Petrie MC, Vinh PN, Schou M, Tereshchenko S, Verma S, Held C, DeMets DL, Docherty KF, Jhund PS, Bengtsson O, Sjöstrand M, Langkilde A-M; DAPA-HF Trial Committees and Investigators. Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2019 Nov 21; 381(21):1995-2008.

CX. Fang JC. Heart-failure therapy. New drugs but old habits? N Engl J Med 2019 Nov 21; 381(21):2063-4.

CXI. 111 MacDonald MR, Petrie MC, Varyani F, Ostergren J, Michelson EL, Young JB, Solomon SD, Granger CB, Swedberg K, Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJV; CHARM Investigators. Impact of diabetes on outcomes in patients with low and preserved ejection fraction heart failure: an analysis of the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme. Eur Heart J 2008 Jun; 29(11):1377-85.

CXII. Parry HM, Deshmukh H, Levin D, Van Zuydam N, Elder DHJ, Morris AD, Struthers AD, Palmer CNA, Doney ASF, Lang CC. Both high and low HbA1c predict incident heart failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circ Heart Fail 2015 Mar; 8(2):236-42.

CXIII. Aguilar D, Bozkurt B, Ramasubbu K, Deswal A. Relationship of hemoglobin A1C and mortality in heart failure patients with diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009 Jul 28; 54(5):422-8.

CXIV. Kristensen SL, Preiss D, Jhund PS, Squire I, Cardoso JS, Merkely B, Martínez F, Starling RC, Desai AS, Lefkowitz MP, Rizkala AR, Rouleau JL, Shi VC, Solomon SD, Swedberg K, Zile MR, McMurray JJV, Packer M; PARADIGM-HF Investigators and Committees. Risk related to pre-diabetes mellitus and diabetes mellitus in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: insights from prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to determine impact on global mortality and morbidity in heart failure trial. Circ Heart Fail 2016 Jan; 9(1). Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002560.

CXV. Ofstad AP, Johansen OE, Gullestad L, Birkeland KI, Orvik E, Fagerland MW, Urheim S, Aakhus S. Neutral impact on systolic and diastolic cardiac function of 2 years of intensified multi-intervention in type 2 diabetes: the randomized controlled Asker and Bærum Cardiovascular Diabetes (ABCD) study. Am Heart J 2014 Sep; 168(3):280-8.e2.

CXVI. Look AHEAD Research Group, Wing RR. Long-term effects of a lifestyle intervention on weight and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: four-year results of the Look AHEAD trial. Arch Intern Med 2010 Sep 27; 170(17):1566-75.

CXVII. Leichman JG, Wilson EB, Scarborough T, Aguilar D, Miller CC, Yu S, Algahim MF, Reyes M, Moody FG, Taegtmeyer H. Dramatic reversal of derangements in muscle metabolism and left ventricular function after bariatric surgery. Am J Med 2008 Nov; 121(11):966-73.

CXVIII. Esposito K, Maiorino MI, Ceriello A, Giugliano D. Prevention and control of type 2 diabetes by Mediterranean diet: a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010 Aug; 89(2):97-102.

CXIX. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, Covas M-I, Corella D, Arós F, Gómez-Gracia E, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Serra-Majem L, Pintó X, Basora J, Muñoz MA, Sorlí JV, Martínez JA, Martínez-González MA; PREDIMED Study Investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med 2013 Apr 4; 368(14):1279-90.

CXX. American Diabetes Association. Cardiovascular disease and risk management: standards of medical care in diabetes 2019. Diabetes Care 2019; 42(Suppl. 1):S103-S123. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19S010.

CXXI. He J, Ogden LG, Bazzano LA, Vupputuri S, Loria C, Whelton PK. Risk factors for congestive heart failure in US men and women: NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Arch Intern Med 2001 Apr 9; 161(7):996-1002.

CXXII. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. BMJ 1998 Sep 12; 317(7160):713-20.

Published

2023-01-10

How to Cite

Méndez, J., Gómez Martín, C., Remón, J., Houssay, S., Forte, E., Manfredo, S., Roselli, M. L., Re, M., Hernández, D., Margosian, M., Sabán, M., Maraschio, M., Blanco, N., de Marco, R., & Salva, S. (2023). Table 2: Heart failure and diabetes mellitus type 2. Journal of the Argentine Society of Diabetes, 54(2Sup), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.47196/diab.v54i2Sup.252

Issue

Section

Conferences and congresses

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6